Common pronunciations (in British English – Gimson,1981) of mathematical and scientific symbols are given in the list below.
Symbols
+ plus /’plʌs/ – minus /’maɪnəs/ ± plus or minus /’plʌs ɔ: ‘maɪnəs/ x multiplied by /’mʌltɪplaɪd baɪ/ / over; divided by /’əʊvə/ /dɪ’vaɪdəd/ ÷ divided /dɪ’vaɪdəd/ = equals /’ɪ:kwəlz/ ≈ approximately, similar /ə’prɒksɪmətlɪ/ /’sɪmɪlə tʊ/ ≡ equivalent to; identical /ɪk’wɪvələnt tʊ/ /aɪ’dentɪkl tʊ/ ≠ not equal to /’nɒt ‘iːkwəl tʊ/ > greater than /’greɪtə ðən/ < less than /’les ðən/ ≥ greater than or equal to /’greɪtə ðən ər ‘iːkwəl tʊ/ ≤ less than or equal to /’les ðən ər’ iːkwəl tʊ/ ⊁ not greater than /’nɒt ‘greɪtə ðən/ ⊀ not less than /’nɒt ‘les ðən/ ≫ much greater than /’mʌʧ ‘greɪtə ðən/ ≪ much less than /’mʌʧ ‘les ðən/ ⊥ perpendicular to /pɜːpən’dɪkjʊlə tʊ/ ∣∣ parallel to /’pærəlel tʊ/ ≢ not equivalent to, not identical to /’nɒt ɪk’wɪvələnt tʊ/ /’nɒt aɪ’dentɪkl tʊ/ ≄≉ not similar to /’nɒt ‘sɪmɪlə tʊ/ ² squared /’skweəd/ ³ cubed /’kju:bd/ 4 to the fourth; to the power four /tə ðə ‘fɔːθ/ /te ðə ‘pɑʊə fɔː/ n to the n; to the nth; to the power n /tə ðɪ en; tə dɪ enθ; tə ðə pɑʊər en/ √ root; square root /ru:t/ /skweə ru:t/ ∛ cube root /kju:b ru:t/ ∜ fourth root /fɔːθ ruːt/ ! factorial /fæk’tɔːrɪəl/ % percent /pə’sent/ ∞ infinity /ɪn’fɪnətɪ/ ∝ varies as; proportional to /’vɛərɪz/ /prə’pɔːʃənəl/ ˙ dot /dɒt/ ¨ double dot /dʌbl dɒt/ : is to, ratio of /reɪʃɪəʊ/ f(x) fx f; function /ef/ /’fʌŋkʃən/ f'(x) f dash; derivative /dæʃ/ /dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ f”x f double-dash; second derivative /’dʌbl dæʃ/ /’sekənd dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ f”'(x) f triple-dash; f treble-dash; third derivative /’trɪpl dæʃ/ / trebl dæʃ/ /θɜ:d dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ f(4) f four; fourth derivative /fɔːθ dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ ∂ partial derivative, delta /paːʃəl dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ /deltə/ ∫ integral /’ɪntɪgrəl/ ∑ sum /sʌm/ w.r.t. with respect to /wɪð ‘rɪspekt/ log log /lɒg/ log₂x log to the base 2 of x /lɒg tə ðə beɪs tu: əv eks/ ∴ therefore /’ðɛəfɔː/ ∵ because /bɪ’kɒz/ → gives, leads to, approaches /gɪvz/ /li:dz tʊ/ /əprəʊʧəz/ / per /pɜ:/ ∈ belongs to; a member of; an element of /bɪ’lɒŋz/ /’membə/ /’elɪmənt/ ∉ does not belong to; is not a member of; is not an element of /nɒt bɪ’lɒŋ/ /nɒt ə ‘membə/ /nɒt ən ‘elɪmənt/ ⊂ contained in; a proper subset of /kən’teɪnd ɪn/ /’prɒpə ‘sʌbset/ ⊆ contained in; subset /’sʌbset/ ⋂ intersection /’ɪntəsekʃən/ ⋃ union /’juːnɪən/ ∀ for all /fə rɔ:l/ cos x cos x; cosine x /kɒz/ sin x sine x /saɪn/ tan x tangent x /tan/ cosec x cosec x /’kəʊsek/ sinh x shine x /’ʃaɪn/ cosh x cosh x /’kɒʃ/ tanh x than x /θæn/ |x| mod x; modulus x /mɒd/ /’mɒdjʊləs/ ℃ degrees Centigrade /dɪ’gri:z ‘sentɪgreɪd/ ℉ degrees Fahrenheit /dɪ’gri:z ‘færənhaɪt/ °K degrees Kelvin /dɪ’gri:z ‘kelvɪn/ 0°K, -273.15 °C absolute zero /absəlu:t zi:rəʊ/ mm millimetre /’mɪlɪmiːtə/ cm centimetre /’sentɪmiːtə/ cc, cm³ cubic centimetre, centimetre cubed /’kjuːbɪk ‘sentɪmiːtə/ /’sentɪmiːtə ‘kju:bd/ m metre /’miːtə/ km kilometre /kɪ’lɒmɪtə/ mg milligram /’mɪlɪgræm/ g gram /græm/ kg kilogram /’kɪləgræm/ AC A.C. /eɪ si:/ DC D.C. /di: si:/
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Examples
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x + 1 x plus one x -1 x minus one x ± 1 x plus or minus one xy x y; x times y; x multiplied by y (x — y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y x/y x over y; x divided by y; x ÷ y x divided by y x = 5 x equals 5; x is equal to 5 x ≈ y x is approximately equal to y x ≡ y x is equivalent to y; x is identical with y x ≠ y x is not equal to y x > y x is greater than y x < y x is less than y x ≥ y x is greater than or equal to y x ≤ y x is less than or equal to y 0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 1; x is greater than zero and less than 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1; x is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 1 x² x squared x³ x cubed x4 x to the fourth; x to the power four xn x to the n; x to the nth; x to the power n x-n x to the minus n; x to the power of minus n √ root x; square root x; the square root of x ∛ the cube root of x ∜ the fourth root of x the nth root of x (x + y)² x plus y all squared (x/y)² x over y all squared n! n factorial; factorial n x% x percent ∞ infinity x ∝ y x varies as y; x is (directly) proportional to y x ∝ 1/y x varies as one over y; x is indirectly proportional to y ẋ x dot ẍ x double dot f(x) fx f of x; the function of x f'(x) f dash x; the (first) derivative of with respect to x f”x f double-dash x; the second derivative of f with respect to x f”'(x) f triple-dash x; f treble-dash x; the third derivative of f with respect to x f(4) f four x; the fourth derivative of f with respect to x ∂v the partial derivative of v ∂v ∂θ delta v by delta theta, the partial derivative of v with respect to θ ∂²v ∂θ² delta two v by delta theta squared; the second partial derivative of v with respect to θ dv the derivative of v dv dθ d v by d theta, the derivative of v with respect to theta d²v dθ² d 2 v by d theta squared, the second derivative of v with respect to theta, ∫ integral integral from zero to infinity ∑ sum the sum from i equals 1 to n w.r.t. with respect to logey log to the base e of y; log y to the base e; natural log (of) y ∴ therefore ∵ because → gives, approaches Δx → 0 delta x approaches zero lim Δx→0 the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero Lt Δx→0 the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero m/sec metres per second x ∈ A x belongs to A; x is a member of A; x is an element of A x∉ A x does not belong to A; x is not a member of A; x is not an element of A A⊂ B A is contained in B; A is a proper subset of B A ⊆ B A is contained in B; A is a subset of B A ⋂ B A intersection B A ⋃ B A union B cos x cos x; cosine x sin x sine x tan x tangent x, tan x cosec x cosec x sinh x shine x cosh x cosh x tanh x than x |x| mod x; modulus x 18 ℃ eighteen degrees Centigrade 70 ℉ seventy degrees Fahrenheit
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